The Paris Climate Change Agreement - 2077 Words

Part A (select one question to answer): 2. Maurice Strong (the Secretary General of the 1992 Rio Earth Summit) liked to distinguish between â€Å"success† and â€Å"real success† in international agreements. Discuss the 2015 Paris climate change agreement with regard to whether it represents success or real success. Last week at Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Ms. Christiana Figueres, the charismatic Executive Secretary of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) since 2010, gave a talk highlighting the great outcome presented at the COP-21 meeting last December in Paris. She referred to the 2015 Paris Agreement as a â€Å"historical achievement†1. Indeed, the fact that almost 200 countries have agreed and committed to†¦show more content†¦As a result, we observed a huge implementation and accountability gap that accumulated throughout the past negotiations2. The crucial long-term global governance ended up compromised by the shortsighted political and sectorial administrative systems, always tending to consider only immediate national interests. In that sense, the Paris Agreement can be seen as a success since it accomplished to bring to the table more than 180 countries to commit to a common goal. Not only that, countries submitted their voluntary plans for reducing carbon emissions with the formulation of the ‘intended nationally determined contributions’ (INDC’s). Like Ms. Figueres said â€Å"the Agreement sets an incontrovertible new direction toward a cleaner energy future†1. She also acknowledges it only represents a step into a long and hard process. Needless to say, real success will require a lot of hard work and steady efforts to take the Agreement’s spirit and vision to concrete advances. Still on the successes of building up a momentum for action, the climate agreement conveyed the collaboration of a broad set of actors to strengthen the commitments. The top-down approach of relying on national governments as leaders for climate response is now being reframed towards a more inclusive space for action. Much more attention is now being directed to the local government’s potential in addressing climate change. Following

The Roots of the Terrorist Attacks of 9/11 - 1175 Words

The causes of the 9/11 terrorist attacks are rooted deeper than most Americans realize. The trail of historical events that led to this catastrophe are widely unknown. Many Americans believe that the war on terror began with the tragedy of the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon and ended with the death of Osama Bin Laden, but in reality, the war on terror has a long and complicated history. This paper will explore the historical events that culminated in the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001.. In 1978, a communist government gained control of Afghanistan. The Soviet Union supported the new government, but the unrest of Afghan citizens with this regime was so great it prompted a â€Å"Jihad† or holy war(Jacobson, 31).†¦show more content†¦This failure, however, did not deter al Qaeda. Meanwhile in Sudan, al Qaeda continued to grow and extended its reach outside of the Middle East while Bin Ladens business cover allowed the organization to gain explosives and weapons. Under pressure from the United States and Saudi Arabia, the country of Sudan had no choice but to have Bin Laden leave (Bergen). Bin Laden and other various al Qaeda officials left Sudan in 1996 and flew to a Taliban run Afghanistan, a haven for extremist Muslims. This allowed al Qaeda the freedom of movement that they did not have in Sudan (Jacobson,38). Al Qaeda set up at least two terrorist training camps and grew more powerful and bold. In 1998 Osama Bin Laden published a fatwa that called for the murder of any American anywhere saying, â€Å"It is far better for anyone to kill a single American soldier than to squander his efforts on other activities(â€Å"The 9/11†, 47). Then, six months later on August 7, 1998, bomb laden trucks were driven into American embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. These attacks killed 12 Americans and 234 people total. These were the first attacks by al Qaeda against the U.S., but would certainly not be the last (Jacobson, 38). The 9/11 attack plans took years to create and carry out. Khalid Sheik Mohammed began thinking ofShow MoreRelatedBureaurcracy Pathologies953 Words   |  4 PagesThe major pathologies are red tape, conflict, duplication, imperialism, and waste. Each of these pathologies had at least some sort of roots in the case of the 9/11/01 terrorist attack. Had these pathologies not been prominent in the pre-9/11 bureaucratic government, it is very likely that our intelligence communities would not have failed to detect the terrorists. The first and quite possibly the most prominent pathology is known as the red tape pathology. Red tape results from all of the complexRead More Bureaurcracy Pathologies Essay933 Words   |  4 PagesThe major pathologies are red tape, conflict, duplication, imperialism, and waste. Each of these pathologies had at least some sort of roots in the case of the 9/11/01 terrorist attack. Had these pathologies not been prominent in the pre-9/11 bureaucratic government, it is very likely that our intelligence communities would not have failed to detect the terrorists. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The first and quite possibly the most prominent pathology is known as the red tape pathology. Red tape resultsRead MoreThe World Trade Center s South Tower1486 Words   |  6 Pagesseventeen more terrorists clear security at Boston Logan, Newark International and Washington Dullas airports. At 7:59 Flight 11 out of Boston departs and within minutes it is taken over by five terrorists on board and rerouted towards Manhattan. Fifteen minutes later flight 175 departs and is also taken over by five terrorists and rerouted to Manhattan. At precisely 8:46 A.M. the hijackers crashed flight 11 into floor 93 of the World Trade Center’s north tower and just seventeen minutes later at 9:03 A.MRead MoreTerrorism Attacks On The World Trade Center And Pentagon1481 Words   |  6 PagesSince the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon on 11 September 2001, there have been different U.S. strategies to try and combat the rise of global terrorism. The attacks made the entire world all too aware of the scale and scope of threats that terrorism can carry. The post-9/11 global climate has thus seen a shift in awareness of and response to terrorist threats. For the last thirteen years now the United States has denoted terrorism as one of the largest threats to nationalRead MoreRemembering 9/11 through the Lens of Hollywood: A Detailed Analysis1240 Words   |  5 PagesFrom the PATRIOT Act of 2001 that was signed into law by the formal President George W. Bush, to the flags that fluttered in the front yard of every American’s house, the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001 brought the whole nation together for a single goal of fighting back terrorism and getting through the test that America was put to. Everybody’s loyalty is getting tested since then towards the United States, and one cannot put aside Hollywood. Its reaction through the movies contributed theRead MoreTerrorism Is Very Real For Mnes Essay1233 Words à ‚  |  5 Pagesquestion addressed by this exploratory study is how international businesses apply past terrorism exposure and experience from operating in risky locations to create organizational preparedness and performance resilience to absorb and endure future terrorist attacks. This paper contributes to the international business literature by addressing a gap in the literature how firms can prepare for and respond to terrorism. The study contributes to a theory of organizational resilience by identifying antecedentsRead MoreThe War On Terrorism And Terrorism1614 Words   |  7 Pagesthe same as prior to September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. Suspicions and distrust of â€Å"other†, fear of the unknown, and unease about the role and status of the United States of America permeates the air. Islamophobic attacks increase by 1,700% in 2001. Prior to 9/11, the FBI recorded just 28 hate crimes against Muslims. The following year it increased to 481. For visible Muslims, the threat of violence and abuse is even higher (especially for women). Another fact 9/11 or 7/7 were often labeled asRead More Terrorism Essay1090 Words   |  5 Pagesterrorism were the attacks made on the World Trade Center on September 11th , but terrorism goes back to first-century Palestine, where Jewish Zealots would publicly slit the throats of Romans and their collaborators. Because the causes of terrorism are so deep-rooted and complex, the solutions must be multi-faceted and not focus solely on one country or issue. This is where I believe the current American policy towards terrorism is flawed. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Terrorist activities are pervasiveRead MoreThe Nature And Scope Of Terrorism862 Words   |  4 Pagesnature and scope of terrorism is shifting. Following the 9/11 attacks, the United States developed a massive counterterrorism apparatus to defeat Al-Qaeda. However, over the past decade there has been a noticeable difference in how terrorists recruit and operate. The international community has not yet adjusted to these changes, and states continue to rely on conventional methods to combat terrorism. With ISIS emerging as a global terrorist threat, there is a need to implement strategies that canRead MoreLawrence Wrights The Looming Tower Essay1664 Words   |  7 PagesFollowing the devastating terrorist attacks of September 11th, 2001, the Unites States found itself in a search for answers and revenge against those that had brought about this atrocity. The attack that has been compared to that of Pearl-Harbor elevated the tracking and collecting of terrori sm from barely a priority, to the forefront of the American radar. I honestly believe that terrorism as the #1 priority is destined to remain at the top for the foreseeable future. The elemental thoughts on

Sample Persuasive Message Free Essays

In this paper the subject to identify is three behaviors inherent in e-tailing, explain how each medium enables e-commerce, and analyze each behavior using the communication process. The three behaviors to be discussed are independent variables, intervening variables, and dependent variables. Two types of independent variables are personal characteristics and environmental variables (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, Viehland, 2008). We will write a custom essay sample on Sample Persuasive Message or any similar topic only for you Order Now Personal characteristics refer to the demographic factors, internal individual factors, and behavioral characteristics (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, Viehland, 2008). Environmental refers to social, cultural, community, and other environmental variables such as available information, government regulations, legal constraints, and situational factors (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, Viehland, 2008). Intervening variables controlled by vendors, as in pricing, advertising, branding, physical environment, and promotions. The physical environment includes in store displays, logistic support, technical support, and customer services all are important to the consumer (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, Viehland, 2008). By showing a company’s product online for the consumer it fulfills the intervening variable. The dependent variable is the buying decision, the consumer ask several questions such as, â€Å"How much to buy? † â€Å"Where to buy the product? † and â€Å"When to buy the product? † These decisions depend on the independent and intervening variables (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, Viehland, 2008). By using personalization in e-commerce a company is referring to matching service, products, and advertising to individuals and their preferences based on what the company knows about the individual user (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, Viehland, 2008). The three steps, services of personalization are: personalized services are built on a one-on-one communication channel, individual service built on the sequence of clicks, page request, or items added to shopping carts. The third universal services are the product search function or reading of customer reviews. These three strategies will increase satisfaction, build relationship, generate lock-in situations, and realize greater produce or service turnover (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, Viehland, 2008). Under independent variable the company must know itself the services and products they are providing to the customers. Then the company has to determine how it will arrive at the information to the customer through websites or mailers. The company must determine who will receive the massages. This hypothetical company has to determine where it is obtaining its products from. So advertising can be put into place around those products. Thus, informing the customer/receiver through varies technology where the product comes from (University of Phoenix, 2011). The dependent variable sets the companies course to who, what, when, where, why, and how. With personalization the company must match all services and products to different demographics. These demographics are the targets for the products and services the company is advertising. Using detailing in this manner should permit growth and larger profit margins. Part of existing in e-tailing is customer satisfaction. Given the changes in the world with more people going online for product maintaining customer satisfaction in the online shopping experience is more important. The high levels of customer satisfaction are associated with repeat purchases and positive word-of-mouth (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, Viehland, 2008). The customer needs to trust the e-tailer that the product he or she receives will be like the one in the picture on the web page. Trust is particularly important in e-commerce transactions because of the difficulties of taking legal action (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, Viehland, 2008). The buyers and sellers must trust the e-commerce’s computing environment and the infrastructure. If they do not feel comfortable or trust security of the infrastructure he or she will not buy the product he or she was looking to buy (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, Viehland, 2008). There are two ways to increase trust in e-commerce the following are: 1. ) Affiliate with an objective third party. This builds trust by putting hypertext links on their website to other trusted reputable companies. 2. ) Establish trustworthiness through these key elements integrity, competence, and security (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, Viehland, 2008). The organizational behaviors are similar, to individuals with a few differences, the individual is more the business-to-consumer where family and Internet communities can have an influence. The organizational is more the business-to-business concept where family and Internet communities have no influence on purchases (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, Viehland, 2008). Marketing and advertising processes for organizations are different. The traditional way to market goods was through trade shows, magazines, newspapers, and salespeople calling. With the digital world or e-commerce an organization could use online directory, matching, the marketing and advertising service of exchanges, co-branding or alliances, affiliate programs, online marketing, or e-communities (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, Viehland, 2008). Some organizations that venture into the e-wholesalers, this kind of intermediary sells directly to businesses exclusively online (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, Viehland, 2008). With all the new technology coming out in the world a large amount of individuals and organizations are turning to the Internet to buy and sell products and services all over the world. References Internal Revenue Service (2011) Electronic Payment Options for Businesses and Individuals. Retrieved from http://www.irs.gov/efile/article/O,,id=101316,00.html Turban, E., King, D., McKay, J., Marshall, P., Lee, J., Viehland, D. (2008) Electronic Commerce 2008: A Managerial Perspective (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. University of Phoenix (2011) University of Phoenix Material: COMM470 Version 3 Appendix A How to cite Sample Persuasive Message, Essays

Movie Focus Eyes Were Watching GOd free essay sample

I recently re-watched Oprah Winfrey’s made for TV movie adaptation of Zora Neale Hurstons Their Eyes Were Watching God, and was very disappointed. I admire Ms. Winfrey immensely because of her inspirational rise to fame due to her persistent pursuit of excellence and because of her desire to leave something positive for the world, so I hesitate to be critical of her pet project. However, her version of this most profound and uplifting novel fell short of capturing Ms. Hurston’s excellence. The movie focused almost entirely on the love story between reformed playboy, Verigible Woods (aka, Tea Cake) and Janie. However there were so many more layers to the novel, including studies in developmental psychology and cultural anthropology. On a psychological level, we see the main character, Janie Crawford, grow through four of the five stages of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Personal Development (depending on which version you read). We will write a custom essay sample on Movie Focus Eyes Were Watching GOd or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Janie starts out in survival mode, or at least Nannie, her guardian- grandmother, is on that level since she is the one who makes major personal and financial sacrifices in order to make Janie’s life better than hers or Leafys, Janie’s absent mother’s was. But even though life is pretty good for Janie, she has no sense of who she is. When she begins to tell her story, her first memory is having no personal identity (no stable name), no social identity (she is rejected by her Black peers for living in the White folks’ back yard), no family identity (she does not know her mother or her father), and no racial identity (she is startled to learn that she is Black). Because she is moving zombie-like through her life, Janie gives all her power away, first to her grandmother who forces her to marry at age sixteen, an older man, Logan Killicks, whom she barely knows and to whom she is not the least bit attracted, then later to her second husband, Joe Starks.

Fashion In the 1920s Essay Example

Fashion In the 1920s Essay Fashion had a big impact on the culture of the 1920s and 30s. The styles were more based on comfort and having a fresh start after World War I. Womens clothes became tighter and more revealing. Mens were about being sophisticated atfirst but then laid back. This period in time was a completely new era. Fashion leading up to the 1920s The fashion of the 1900s was very different to those in following years. The fashion in the early 1900s was very sophisticated and elegant. The women commonly wore fitted bodiced dresses with petticoats and corsets under them. They usually were ? length sleeves and were worn with gloves that covered up the bare arm that would have been showing. Lace and ruffles were very much in style and the details were very important. They usually were made out of linen and worn with a thick belt at the waistline. Men had a different sort of fashion as well. The men dressed fairly formal and proper for casual events. They usually wore 3 piece suits with suit jackets with no collar. This era in fashion was called the Edwardian Period. The fashion in this time was sophisticated, elegant, and chic. Womens Fashion in the 1920s Women dressed in all different ways in the 1920s. The women were all about having a new fresh start after the war. They wanted to look sassy and cute as apposed to the dull and boring styles of those leading up to it. Some new styles made a big impact on the parents of the 20s. Girls wanted to cut their hair, which was a very controversial statement at the time. Girls who dressed like this were called flappers. Being a flapper was commonly related to smoking and drinking. Although attempts were made to show what a flapper was really about. Ellen Welles Page wrote an article toOutlook magazine called A Flappers Appeal to Parents. She tried to convince the moms that being a

Analytical Essay Sample on Information Studies Significant Changes

Analytical Essay Sample on Information Studies Significant Changes Free example essay on Information Studies: Developments in Modern technology, means more information, more cheaply and more quickly available than ever before. What are the significance of these changes? Indeed, it can be said that modern technology has allowed for the cheaper and quicker access of information, and indeed, for the increase of information available. But is it fair to say that technology is a consequence of societal changes. Human beings are most dependant on learning than any species . Information is the basis for communication and co-ordination, that is required for any human society. Due to these developments in modern technology, there have been social, economic, political and cultural changes. Although it isnt clear whether these are positive or negative changes. There has been a definite increase in the amount of information available, due to the developments in modern technology. For one, the government has little or no control over the information which passes in or out of the country. There is less censorship and monitoring, and so there are new sources and themes of information, moving freely around the world, via the internet. Also due to the digital information there is an increase in the kind of information that is produced and transported. Finally, perhaps the most obvious point about the increase in information is, modern technology has lead to some great discoveries. It has lead to increased knowledge, of subjects and world mysteries. It is fair to say then that modern technology has indeed, lead to more information than ever before. The introduction of digital information has brought about a decrease in the price of information. The price of information may only cost the price of a floppy disk, or a telephone call. There is also the convergence of the technologies found in households. For example, the radio, television and, tape and c.d. player, are all combined in one system. The cost of accessing information is virtually none existent, with the internet. The cost of accessing almost any information you want is the cost of a local phone call. To show how much the price has decreased it is interesting to notice that, during WW1 there was 3/4 computers in most countries, now, there are computers in almost every home. Yet when all of this is said, is it really that inexpensive. You must buy a computer, a modem and a television, then upgrade with a faster computer and upgrade software and hardware. Due to technology, information is available significantly quicker. There are no geographical limitations, anymore. Information can be received from anywhere around the world, within a matter of seconds of the initial request. For example, the internet, by simply keying in a word, there are numerous pieces of information on that subject displayed in generally under 20 seconds. Digital technology has also lead to the increased speed at which information is distributed. Yet computers are see as some as very fast yet, very stupid adding machines. Dr. Lee Komito. Yet although it may seem that because of this increase of speed, information and the decrease in cost , that all effects of modern technology is positive this is not true as technology has negative factors socially, culturally, politically and indeed, economically. The development of modern technology has brought about significant changes socially. Whether or not these changes are positive or negative is still to be decided. On the positive side the developments in modern technology has made it easier for the people to communicate with each other. There are many ways in which you can contact people, almost instantaneously. For example, normal and mobile phones and e-mails. Modern technology has allowed people to be accessible at all times. Also, the use of answering machines, means that, even though we are accessible at all times, we have more control over who we interact with. So it can be said that technology is moving towards trying to create a better life socially for the individual, as it was said: Dr. Murray Gell-Mann of the California Institute of Technology says that Society must give new direction to technology, diverting it from applications that yield higher productive efficiency and into areas that yield greater human satisfaction. (deNevers, 1972: 17). Yet, perhaps, due to modern technology people spend less time doing certain sociable activities, like shopping, which can be done from the home now. Although it can be said, that this leaves them time for other social activities. Another downside to the social significance of developments in modern technology an increasing number of people dont know there neighbours. This lack of interaction with people in their community leads to a breakdown in community spirit. Economically also the development in technology has made significant changes, for better or for worse. There is an assumption that improved technology automatically brings about more jobs and therefore more money. This is not necessarily true. The improvements in technology can be seen to have made jobs unstable. People need to know less and so they become cheap and replaceable. Also many of the jobs that used to be done by humans are now done by computers. Economically, developments in modern technology does have positive effects, it increases distribution, which inturn increases consumption. This increases the profits for manufacturing companies, and also, it should decrease, cost for the consumer as there is an increased amount of the product produced, but this is not always the case. There are three different sectors, agriculture, manufacturing and services.

International Monetary Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International Monetary Relations - Essay Example This will be centralized in one country hence policy setting as well as decision making can be improved on funds management. Execution is however, not personalized. Amongst the problems experienced, is currency risk when the value of exchange rates is not monitored. The treasurer and CFOs of the MNCs need to understand fully how to organize, report and integrate business operations for efficiency in resource use. Globally, it has been seen that idling of cash of up to $80 billion is a loss to the economy. Such a huge cash flow not invested for 3 months is non-beneficial and in turn loses value. Effective global treasury is aimed at managing such funds seldom producing economic benefits. Other aspects to be considered include the reporting systems in use, managing cash flow and working capital, and strengthening governance. The analysis shows that MNCs are making detrimental decisions if errors are made. One example reveals a loss in the value of foreign exchange when a North American company erroneously paid the wrong employee in the wrong country. A reversal of the transaction saw the company lose part of its money. Spreadsheets programs predispose the MNCs to inaccurate reporting. This can cause hedging of funds, to invest or to borrow where conditions do not depict so. The effect is higher if the actions are taken across border and the foreign exchange as well international market investments are at the core for MNCs. The open currency system that is mostly applied worldwide saw the North America Company lose its value for money. Government interventions are needed in order to globalize the treasurer to curb such effects. The foreign exchange can be abolished and investment made by MNCs be it currency forwards or currency futures or currency options will be easily managed through one currency system. Inaccuracy in cash forecasting is stated at 80% by treasurers. This is detriment to the economy since funds are not effectively managed and poor decision in cur rency derivatives can be made. Managing working capital is a key element in business operations. However, the managers in the MNCs find themselves in a predicament where working capital is held in regions where the MNCs are not established. A look at parity and forecasting for the MNCs would reveal that the interest parity rates as well as the purchasing power rates are not considered in achieving the fundamental goal- cash optimization. The inflation rates rising in some countries are not considered in this case. The purchasing power of products or service so created by the MNCs may be so low leading unprofitable endevours in some developing countries. Inaccuracy in cash flow reporting leads to improper forecasting and poor investment strategies. Financial risk should be critically assessed considering gains and losses that can arise in global business operations. The global treasury can assist in streamlining the decision making process if implemented effectively. MNCs are faced w ith currency exchange management in different countries. The liquidity of their operations in the near future can be analysed by measuring the currency exposure. The transaction exposure can be obtained by assessing values of foreign suppliers and consumers, subsidiary and affiliated companies in relation to liquidity of the MNCs. The cash flows and overall working capital can be monitored to show the operational exposure for the MNCs. The